IT430 Assignment # 2 Solution

What are the steps involved in symmetric cryptography? Also explain key management in conventional cryptography using some example.

Solution:-

Symmetric Cryptography

With symmetric cryptography, both the sender and recipient share a key that is used to perform both encryption and decryption. Symmetric cryptography is commonly used to perform encryption. It also provides data integrity when symmetric keys are used in conjunction with other algorithms to create Message Authentication Codes (MACs). For more information about MACs, see Data Origin Authentication in Chapter 2, "Message Protection Patterns."

Figure 1 illustrates the process of encrypting and decrypting data with a shared secret key.

Figure 1. The process of symmetric encryption

As illustrated in Figure 1, symmetric encryption involves the following steps:
The sender creates a ciphertext message by encrypting the plaintext message with a symmetric encryption algorithm and a shared key.
The sender sends the ciphertext message to the recipient.
The recipient decrypts the ciphertext message back into plaintext with a shared key.

Numerous symmetric algorithms are currently in use. Some of the more common algorithms include Rijndael (AES) and Triple DES (3DES). These algorithms are designed to perform efficiently on common hardware architectures.

Symmetric cryptography is comparatively simple in nature, because the secret key that is used for both encryption and decryption is shared between the sender and the recipient. However, before communication can occur, the sender and the recipient must exchange a shared secret key. In some cases (such as SSL), asymmetric cryptography can be used to ensure that the initial key exchange occurs over a secure channel.

Key Management and Conventional Encryption
Conventional encryption has benefits. It is very fast. It is especially useful for encrypting data that is not going anywhere. However, conventional encryption alone as a means for transmitting secure data can be quite expensive simply due to the difficulty of secure key distribution. The expense of secure channels and key distribution relegated its use only to those who could afford it, such as governments and large banks (or small children with secret decoder rings).

Recall a character from your favorite spy movie: the person with a locked briefcase handcuffed to his or her wrist. What is in the briefcase, anyway? It's probably not the missile launch code/ biotoxin formula/ invasion plan itself. It's the key that will decrypt the secret data.

For a sender and recipient to communicate securely using conventional encryption, they must agree upon a key and keep it secret between themselves. If they are in different physical locations, they must trust a courier, the Bat Phone, or some other secure communication medium to prevent the disclosure of the secret key during transmission. Anyone who overhears or intercepts the key in transit can later read, modify, and forge all information encrypted or authenticated with that key. The persistent problem with conventional encryption is key distribution: how do you get the key to the recipient without someone intercepting it?

And the minor problem with it is the storage of keys: when you want to communicate with a lot of people and you have one key for each partner, how do you manage so many keys?




Some Examples of Conventional Cryptosystems

Captain Midnight's Secret Decoder Ring (which you may have owned when you were a kid)

Julius Caesar's cipher

DES, Data Encryption Standard

ENG301(Business Communication) - Assignment 3 (Fall 2010)

Business Communication-ENG301 Total Marks: 15



Objective
To assess the students' ability to write business messages.

Instructions:

No assignment will be accepted via e-mail after the due date.

Plagiarism will NOT be tolerated. Plagiarism occurs when a student uses work done by someone else without acknowledging the actual author. It also means copying and pasting the material from handouts and internet source without rephrasing it in his/her own words.

Q1. As a reservation manager of a hotel, write a letter to your customer reminding him that deposit is due on a reservation made for an executive suite. (10)

Q2. Complete the following statements with the correct answers related to Business Communication. (5)

1. ----------- is the reply to a claim letter.

2. Letters written to persuade the people for purchasing your product are called -----.

3. -------- is a special committee which is assigned the duty to resolve a specific problem.

4. A sales letter begins with --------------.

5. ------------ of an organization is followed in order to write a ------------.


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;



Example
"Your company logo here"


Thursday, December 30, 2010

Dear Customer,

Please note that on your account, there are one or more invoices currently past the 30-day due date from the date of service. These invoices are itemized below for your convenience. Please remit the past due balance of $ 0,000.00 as soon as you are able, or contact our office if you have any questions regarding these. Please keep in mind that all invoices on your account carry 30-day terms unless otherwise specified.

Invoice Number Service Date Amount Due Total

87561 04/25/2005 $ 1,393.07

87591 04/27/2005 $ 170.84 $1,563.91


We appreciate your efforts in bringing the account current.

Your business is very important to us!

Thank you,


Name

Title, company name

MKT624 Assignment 02 Announced

Semester “Fall 2010”
“Brand Management (MKT624)” This is to inform that next Assignment (covering video lecture no. 1 to lecture no 27) will be uploaded on VULMS according to the following schedule
Schedule
Opening Date and Time	December 31, 2010 At 12:01 A.M. (Mid-Night)
Closing Date and Time	January 04 , 2010 At 11:59 P.M. (Mid-Night)
Note: Only in the case of Assignment, 24 Hrs extra / grace period after the above mentioned due date is usually available to overcome uploading difficulties which may be faced by the students on last date. This extra time should only be used to meet the emergencies and above mentioned due dates should always be treated as final to avoid any inconvenience.

MGT201 GDB Announced

Semester “Fall 2010”
“Financial Management (MGT201)” This is to inform that Graded Discussion Board (GDB) has opened according to the following schedule
Schedule
Opening Date and Time	January 03, 2011 At 12:01 A.M. (Mid-Night)
Closing Date and Time	January 05, 2011 At 11:59 P.M. (Mid-Night)
Note: No extra or bonus/grace period is available for attempting GBD.
Topic/Area for Discussion
“Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)” Note: The discussion question will be from the area/topic mentioned above. So start learning about the topic now.

HRM627 Online Latest Quiz

Quiz Start Time: 01:07 PM

Time Left 80

sec(s)

Question # 1 of 15 ( Start time: 01:07:27 PM ) Total Marks: 1

Which of the following revolves primarily around the private sector controlling industry?

Select correct option:

Secularism

Capitalism

Socialist

Liberalism

Quiz Start Time: 01:07 PM

Time Left 79

sec(s)

Question # 2 of 15 ( Start time: 01:08:27 PM ) Total Marks: 1

Gestures, facial expression and body movements are all part of:

Select correct option:

Facilitation

Encoding

Posturing

Nonverbal communication

Quiz Start Time: 01:07 PM

Time Left 87

sec(s)

Question # 3 of 15 ( Start time: 01:09:00 PM ) Total Marks: 1

The power exercised by the surgeon is an example of ___________.

Select correct option:

Referent power

Expert power

Legitimate power

Coercive power

Quiz Start Time: 01:07 PM

Time Left 87

sec(s)

Question # 4 of 15 ( Start time: 01:09:27 PM ) Total Marks: 1

In Gini coefficient, 1 corresponds to ________________.

Select correct option:

Inequality

Perfect inequality

Equality

Perfect equality

Quiz Start Time: 01:07 PM

Time Left 69

sec(s)

Question # 5 of 15 ( Start time: 01:10:49 PM ) Total Marks: 1

The National Education Policy 1998 has included many elements and strategies for improving quality at____________.

Select correct option:

Higher level

Tertiary level

Elementary level

Adult Level

Quiz Start Time: 01:07 PM

Time Left 87

sec(s)

Question # 6 of 15 ( Start time: 01:11:48 PM ) Total Marks: 1

___________ can have good effect on our mental state.

Select correct option:

Positive words

Toxic words

Caustic words

Negative words

Quiz Start Time: 01:07 PM

Time Left 79

sec(s)

Question # 7 of 15 ( Start time: 01:12:15 PM ) Total Marks: 1

The HDI measures the average achievements in a country in all the basic dimensions of human development EXCEPT:

Select correct option:

Long and healthy life

Culture

Knowledge

Standard of living

Quiz Start Time: 01:07 PM

Time Left 73

sec(s)

Question # 8 of 15 ( Start time: 01:13:46 PM ) Total Marks: 1

Degree to which people like or dislike themselves is:

Select correct option:

Self-esteem

Self-monitoring

Locus of control

Stereotyping

Quiz Start Time: 01:07 PM

Time Left 88

sec(s)

Question # 9 of 15 ( Start time: 01:14:23 PM ) Total Marks: 1

In Pakistan, about how many schools are located in rural areas?

Select correct option:

30%

85%

71%

60%

Quiz Start Time: 01:07 PM

Time Left 88

sec(s)

Question # 10 of 15 ( Start time: 01:15:12 PM ) Total Marks: 1

Which country tops the list of South Asian countries in terms of the Human development Index?

Select correct option:

Africa

Bangladesh

Sri Lanka

India

Quiz Start Time: 01:07 PM

Time Left 87

sec(s)

Question # 11 of 15 ( Start time: 01:16:21 PM ) Total Marks: 1

Which type of development is required in bringing order, discipline and peace into life?

Select correct option:

Ethical and democratic

Financial and economic

Moral and spiritual

Nutritional

Quiz Start Time: 01:07 PM

Time Left 88

sec(s)

Question # 12 of 15 ( Start time: 01:17:30 PM ) Total Marks: 1

The component of an attitude that refers to an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something is called:

Select correct option:

Affective component

Environmental component

Cognitive component

Behavioral component

Quiz Start Time: 01:07 PM

Time Left 83

sec(s)

Question # 13 of 15 (Start time: 01:18:20 PM ) Total Marks: 1

Which type of managers take less time to make their decisions and less information in making their choices?

Select correct option:

Rational mangers

Low risk taking managers

Efficient managers

High risk taking managers

Quiz Start Time: 01:07 PM

Time Left 88

sec(s)

Question # 14 of 15 (Start time: 01:18:43 PM ) Total Marks: 1

When we show interest, understanding and fun, we are in which following state?

Select correct option:

Parent ego state

Adapted child ego state

Adult ego state

Natural child ego state

MGT602 Quiz 03 Announced

On-Line Quiz (No.03) Announcement

Entrepreneurship (MGT602)

Quiz will cover video lecture no. 1 to 26

Schedule
Opening Date and Time	Dec 29, 2010 At 12:01 AM (Mid-Night)
Closing Date and Time	Dec 31, 2010 At 11:59 PM (Mid-Night)

24 hours extra time is not available

MKT630 Online Quiz 03

ONLINE QUIZ NO. 3 ANNOUNCEMENT

Quiz will Cover Video Lecture No. 1 to 25

Schedule
Opening Date and Time:	28-12-2010 At 12:00 AM (Mid Night)
Closing Date and Time:	29-12-2010 At 11:59 PM (Mid-Night)

Note that 24 Hours Extra Time is Not Available

Mgt501 Mid Term Current Paper (Dec 2010)

Paper 01:

No job opportunity available for an individual with physical imparity in ARMY, is this act of discrimination? 3 marks
what info is reflected by the "red flag" how it help to screening job applications.? 3
different between training and development? 5
how MRIS help in operational and strategic management ?5

Paper 02

28 mcqs total from 2009 midterm paper

Describe Quantity discounts and its types. marks 3
what is the main error on jobs interview describe 3.. marks 3
what is job analys define.. marks 5
define hr planning marks 5

MGT402 Today`s Paper Fall 2010

Which of the following best describe piece rate system?

► The increased volume of production results in decreased cost of production

► The increased volume of production in minimum time

► Establishment of fair standard rates

► Higher output is a result of efficient management

Which of the followin is NOT an assumption of the basic economic-order quantity model?

► Annual demand is known

► Orderin cost is known

► Carryin cost is known

► Quantity discounts are available

All of the following are deducted from gross Profit to calculate Operating income EXCEPT:

► Selling expenses

► Advertising expenses

► Administrative expenses

► Financial expenses

The salary of factory clerk is treated as:

► Direct labor cost

► Indirect labor cost

► Conversion cost

► Prime cost

The components of the conversion cost are:

► Direct Material + Direct Labor + Other Direct Cost

► Direct Labor + FOH

► Prime Cost + FOH+ Other Direct Cost

► Prime Cost + FOH

In cost accounting, Avoidable loss is charged to which of the following?

► Factory over head control account

► Work in process control account

► Marketing overhead control account

► Administration overhead control account

Which of the following functions are fulfilled by Goods Received Note?

i. Provides information to update the inventory records on receipt of goods

ii. Provides information to check the quantity on the supplier’s invoice

iii. Provides information to check the price on the supplier’s invoice

► (i) only

► (i) and (ii) only

► (i) and (iii) only

► (ii) and (iii) only

Overhead absorption rate (OAR) can be calculated as:

► Direct labor cost /Direct Labor hours

► Estimated FOH/ Direct Labor hours

► Prime cost/ Estimated FOH

► Prime cost/ Direct labor cost

Which of the following would be considered as factory overhead using a job order cost system?

► Direct materials

► Direct labor

► Depreciation on factory buildings

► Salesperson's salary

► Salesperson's salary

If, Basic Salary Rs.10,000

Per Piece commission Rs. 5

Unit sold 700 pieces

What will be the COMMISION?

► Rs. 3,500

► Rs. 13,500

► Rs. 10,000

► Rs. 6,500

With reference to cost of production report, cost accounted for as follows is also known as:

► Cost reconciliation

► Bank reconciliation

► Cash reconciliation

► Capital reconciliation

Identify units transferred out with the help of given data:

	Units
Units still in process (100%material, 75% conversion )	4,000
Lost units	2,000
Units started in process	50,000

► 6,000 units

► 44,000 units

► 52,000 units

► 56,000 units

The difference over the period of time between actual and applied FOH will usually be minimal when the predetermined overhead rate is based on:

► Normal capacity

► Designed capacity

► Direct Labor hours

► Machine hours

The cost that is subject to actual payment or will be paid for in future is called:

► Fixed cost

► Step cost

► Explicit cost

► Imputed cost

Cost of material consumed under LIFO costing method is Rs. 6,000. Conversion Cost is Rs. 16,500. 1,000 units of the product were manufactured out of which 800 @ Rs. 30 units sold. There were no beginning and ending inventories of work in process and finished goods.

Required: Calculate per unit cost with the help of given information.

► Rs. 22.50

► Rs.16.50

► Rs. 6.00

► Rs. 28.13

Calculate total salary received with the given data.

Salary	Rs.5000
Per Piece commission	10 % per piece
Unit sold	700 pieces
Price per piece	Rs. 10

► Rs. 5,100

► Rs. 5,000

► Rs. 5,600

► Rs. 5,700

Which cost accumulation procedure is best suited to a continuous mass production process of similar units?

► Job order costing

► Process costing

► Standard costing

► Actual costing

Which of the following method of inventory valuation is not recommended under IAS 02?

► LIFO

► FIFO

► Weighted Average

► Both LIFO & FIFO

Which of the following are basic inventories for a manufacturing concern?

► Indirect materials, goods in process, and raw materials

► Finished goods, raw materials, and direct materials

► Raw materials, goods in process, and finished goods

► Raw materials, factory overhead, and direct labor

If the cost per equivalent unit is Rs. 1.60. The equivalent units of output are 50,000. The WIP closing stock is 10,000 units, 40% completed. What will be the value of closing stock?

► Rs. 9,600

► Rs. 80,000

► Rs. 16,000

► Rs. 6,400

Consider the following data:

Salary	Rs.5000
Per Piece commission	10 % per piece
Unit sold	700 pieces
Price per piece	Rs. 10
Amount of commission received	?

► Rs. 100

► Rs. 500

► Rs. 600

► Rs. 700

Question No: 32 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Lost units (Normal loss)	500 units
Units received from preceding department	13,500 units
Units completed in this department	11,750 units

Required: Identify units still in process with the help of above data.

► 1,250 units

► 14,000 units

► 12,250 units

► 1,750 units

The journal entry of Material purchase on credit under perpetual inventory system is:

► Inventory account (Dr) Material account (Cr)

► Account payable (Dr.) Purchases account (Cr)

► Inventory account (Dr) Account payable account (Cr)

► Purchases account (Dr) Accounts payable account (Cr)

A direct cost is identified by which of the following feature?

► Its behavior

► Its traceability

► Its controllability

► Its relevance

INCOME BEFORE INTEREST AND TEX

OTHER INCOME

OPERATING INCOME

GROSS PROFIT

Pay roll sheet include except

Gross income

Net income

Tax rebate

Statuary and non statuary

Inventory of Rs. 96,000 was purchased during the year. The cost of goods sold was Rs. 90,000 and the ending inventory was Rs. 18,000. What was the inventory turnover ratio for the year?

► 5.0 times

► 5.3 times

► 6.0 times

► 6.4 times

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the group bonus scheme?

Write the formula of abortion and discuss it base?

TODAY’S PAPER MGT 201(7.12.2010)

· What are the reason due to which you do not invest in project which provide you highest return?(3)

· Briefly explain advantages of assets having short life(3)

· How negatively coorelated investment behave in a market?(5)

· Why does diversification reduce risk(5)

MGT411Mid Paper Fall 2010

Find out YTM of 1 year 12% coupon bond selling at $130. (Face value of bond = $100). (Marks: 3)

Discuss adverse selection in financial markets (Marks: 3)

Discuss bubbles in your own word. (Marks: 5)

Differentiate between yield to maturity and current yield. (Marks: 5)

MGMT628 today paper

1. Briefly explain the purpose of membership boundary with in marginality (3)

2. Why there is no one best way to collect data. Give reason (3)

3. How would you differentiate b/w visible and invisible manifestations of culture? (5)

4. During the entry process of organization development, internal consultants have clear advantage over external consultant. Do you agree or not. Discuss. (5)

5. What are the two feature of technology core that influence other design component of organization. Discuss in detail. (5)

FIN622 Mid Fall 2010 Paper today

Question 01: A public limited Company had sales of Rs.2 million this year. The marketing manager expects sales to grow at a 10 percent compound annual rate over the next 10 years. On this basis, which of the following is the closest amount of sales in 10 years?

Question 02Suppose you invest Rs.400, 000 in treasury bills and Rs.600, 000 in the market portfolio. What is the return on your portfolio if bills yield 6% and the expected return on the market is 14%? What does the return on this portfolio imply for the expected return on individual stocks with betas of 0.6?
Stocks A and B has the following historical returns:

Year Stock A,s Returns (rA) Stock B,s Returns (rB)
2003 -18.00% -14.50%
2004 33 21.8
2005 15 30.5
2006 -0.5 -7.6
2007 27 26.3

Question 03: Assume that a person held a portfolio consisting of 50% of Stock A and 50% of Stock B. What would have been the realized rate of return on the portfolio in each year from 2003 to 2007? What would have been the average return on the portfolio during this period?

Question 04: Does the value of firm increase when it increases its proportion of debt financing?