Semester “Fall 2010”
“Economics (ECO401)”
Assignment No.01 Marks: 15
Question:
Suppose the market demand and market supply for coffee is given by the following equations:
Qd = 850 – 15P
Qs = 400 + 30P
A. Find quantity demanded and quantity supplied when the price of coffee is Rs. 8. Is there a surplus or shortage in the production of coffee? What should happen to the price of coffee?
B. Find the equilibrium price for coffee by using given demand and supply equations.
C. Prove that the price found in part (B) is an equilibrium price.
D. Show the equilibrium condition in coffee market graphically.
Marks: A = 6(4+1+1), B = 2, C = 3, D = 4
Important Note:
�� Calculate to the point where calculation is being required. NO need to write irrelevant material or extra interpretation.
�� Draw equilibrium condition in coffee market by yourself. Do NOT copy from any source. NO need to write irrelevant material.
�� Graphs are very important in Economics course. This assignment will enhance your skill of drawing graphs. A complete procedure of “How to draw graphs in MS-Word” is uploaded on announcement page of LMS. Get help from that uploaded file to solve part D of this assignment.
Important Tips:
1. This Assignment can be best attempted from the knowledge acquired after watching video lecture no. 1 to lecture no 10 and reading handouts as well as recommended text book.
2. Video lectures can be downloaded for free from www.youtube.com/vu.
Schedule
Opening Date and Time October 26, 2010 At 12:01 A.M. (Mid-Night)
Due Date and Time November 01, 2010 At 11:59 P.M. (Mid-Night)
Note: Only in the case of Assignment, 24 Hrs extra / grace period after the above mentioned due date is usually available to overcome uploading difficulties which may be faced by the students on last date. This extra time should only be used to meet the emergencies and above mentioned due dates should always be treated as final to avoid any inconvenience.
Important Instructions:
Please read the following instructions carefully before attempting the assignment solution.
Deadline:
• Make sure that you upload the solution file before the due date. No
assignment will be accepted through e-mail once the solution has been
uploaded by the instructor.
Formatting guidelines:
• Use the font style “Times New Roman” and font size “12”.
• It is advised to compose your document in MS-Word 2003.
• Use black and blue font colors only.
Solution guidelines:
• Use APA style for referencing and citation. For guidance search “APA
reference style” in Google and read various website containing
information for better understanding or visit
http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/henrichsenl/apa/APA01.html
• Every student will work individually and has to write in the form of an
analytical assignment.
• Give the answer according to question, there will be negative marking
for irrelevant material.
• For acquiring the relevant knowledge don’t rely only on handouts but
watch the video lectures and use other reference books also.
Rules for Marking
Please note that your assignment will not be graded or graded as Zero (0) if:
• It has been submitted after due date
• The file you uploaded does not open or is corrupt
• It is in any format other than .doc (MS. Word)
• It is cheated or copied from other students, internet, books, journals etc…
Tuesday, October 26, 2010
CS601 Assignment # 1 Solution
Question 1:
Compare the telephone network and the Internet. What are the similarities? What are the differences?
Now the telephone industry has raised a new complaint—Internet subscribers are screwing up
telephone networks because the networks weren't designed for Internet connections. Phone
companies just can't get it through their monopoly mindset that when customer demand patterns change, the service has to change. They don't understand that in the new world of competition, the ability to offer the service that customers want will be the difference between success and failure.
The access charge issue
An ISP is something like a long distance phone company, in that it gives subscribers access to a long distance communications network. Both the ISP and the long distance carrier incorporate local phone connections in their overall network. Both pay the local phone company for, in effect, reselling the capacity of the local phone network. But they pay different rates. The ISP pays the same rate as any business that uses the phone network to make local calls. The long distance carrier pays "access charges." Access charges are much higher than local phone rates, as high as five cents per minute.
Access charges originated in the early 1980s as an FCC-sanctioned way for long distance service to subsidize local phone service. In 1987, well before the Internet became popular, the phone companies wanted the FCC to apply access charges to enhanced service packet data networks like Telenet and Tymnet, but Congress objected, and everyone lost interest in the issue. Now, with the rise of Internet telephony, the phone companies are at it again. They want their subsidies.
The current expectation is that the FCC will overhaul access charges in the 1997–'98 time frame. ISPs will have to pay access charges. But the rates will be knocked down from five cents per minute to a few tenths of a cent.
The network design issue
The new argument from the phone companies is that Internet traffic is different from voice traffic, so different that it could crash the phone network.
Wait a minute. Let's take a closer look at this argument. Sure, phone call durations might be longer when I surf the 'Net than when I talk to my mother in Florida, but what are the cost and engineering implications?
By the way, even the phone industry agrees that voice call durations have increased over the years. It used to be that an average phone call would last four minutes; now, the phone industry uses nine minutes as the average holding time.
My local loop and the connection to the local phone switch are dedicated to my phone number, whether I use it or not. The cost is independent of the duration of my calls.
The local switch gives me dialtone, interprets my dial pulses and arranges for a path through the network to be established. But that happens only when the call is dialed. After that, the switch circuitry goes on to set up the next call. Most of the usage of the telephone switch circuitry is independent of call duration.
But the phone industry is right about one element. There is a part of the network that is affected by call duration, the trunking between local switches. This is because the phone network assigns a circuit full time to a connection between switches, even though you might be sending and receiving data packets only sporadically.
But rather than figuring out how these trunks can be shared among multiple Internet connections so they can be used more efficiently, the phone companies are now spreading scare stories about the Internet causing a possible "meltdown" of the phone network.
The monopoly mindset
It's the same old story, but now with the local phone monopolies instead of a single nationwide Ma Bell. "Here's our network and our service; you must tailor your demand so it fits what we have."
Let's look at another part of the Internet, the intercity high-speed data circuits between ISPs. One of the leading suppliers of this service is MCI. MCI took its intercity fiber network, which was installed for voice telephone traffic, and figured out how to use it efficiently for high-speed data.
MCI saw the Internet as an opportunity, not a threat, and modified its network design to satisfy user needs. And the company earned a profit while doing it.
The phone company engineering philosophy has been stability, not agility. But the world is changing. Stability fits quite nicely with a monopoly environment. But "brand loyalty" is on its way out. Have you noticed that in the cable industry? It applies to the phone industry as well.
In the world of competition, companies must change, or die.
Compare the telephone network and the Internet. What are the similarities? What are the differences?
Now the telephone industry has raised a new complaint—Internet subscribers are screwing up
telephone networks because the networks weren't designed for Internet connections. Phone
companies just can't get it through their monopoly mindset that when customer demand patterns change, the service has to change. They don't understand that in the new world of competition, the ability to offer the service that customers want will be the difference between success and failure.
The access charge issue
An ISP is something like a long distance phone company, in that it gives subscribers access to a long distance communications network. Both the ISP and the long distance carrier incorporate local phone connections in their overall network. Both pay the local phone company for, in effect, reselling the capacity of the local phone network. But they pay different rates. The ISP pays the same rate as any business that uses the phone network to make local calls. The long distance carrier pays "access charges." Access charges are much higher than local phone rates, as high as five cents per minute.
Access charges originated in the early 1980s as an FCC-sanctioned way for long distance service to subsidize local phone service. In 1987, well before the Internet became popular, the phone companies wanted the FCC to apply access charges to enhanced service packet data networks like Telenet and Tymnet, but Congress objected, and everyone lost interest in the issue. Now, with the rise of Internet telephony, the phone companies are at it again. They want their subsidies.
The current expectation is that the FCC will overhaul access charges in the 1997–'98 time frame. ISPs will have to pay access charges. But the rates will be knocked down from five cents per minute to a few tenths of a cent.
The network design issue
The new argument from the phone companies is that Internet traffic is different from voice traffic, so different that it could crash the phone network.
Wait a minute. Let's take a closer look at this argument. Sure, phone call durations might be longer when I surf the 'Net than when I talk to my mother in Florida, but what are the cost and engineering implications?
By the way, even the phone industry agrees that voice call durations have increased over the years. It used to be that an average phone call would last four minutes; now, the phone industry uses nine minutes as the average holding time.
My local loop and the connection to the local phone switch are dedicated to my phone number, whether I use it or not. The cost is independent of the duration of my calls.
The local switch gives me dialtone, interprets my dial pulses and arranges for a path through the network to be established. But that happens only when the call is dialed. After that, the switch circuitry goes on to set up the next call. Most of the usage of the telephone switch circuitry is independent of call duration.
But the phone industry is right about one element. There is a part of the network that is affected by call duration, the trunking between local switches. This is because the phone network assigns a circuit full time to a connection between switches, even though you might be sending and receiving data packets only sporadically.
But rather than figuring out how these trunks can be shared among multiple Internet connections so they can be used more efficiently, the phone companies are now spreading scare stories about the Internet causing a possible "meltdown" of the phone network.
The monopoly mindset
It's the same old story, but now with the local phone monopolies instead of a single nationwide Ma Bell. "Here's our network and our service; you must tailor your demand so it fits what we have."
Let's look at another part of the Internet, the intercity high-speed data circuits between ISPs. One of the leading suppliers of this service is MCI. MCI took its intercity fiber network, which was installed for voice telephone traffic, and figured out how to use it efficiently for high-speed data.
MCI saw the Internet as an opportunity, not a threat, and modified its network design to satisfy user needs. And the company earned a profit while doing it.
The phone company engineering philosophy has been stability, not agility. But the world is changing. Stability fits quite nicely with a monopoly environment. But "brand loyalty" is on its way out. Have you noticed that in the cable industry? It applies to the phone industry as well.
In the world of competition, companies must change, or die.
CS101 Assignment's Solution
Computer Description Cost Performance Reliability Size Installed In Numbers
Super Computer Very Costly in Millions Good (Pak Automic Energy) Reliable but less then main frame More than 25 Acres Land Required These are in few numbers
Main Frame Costly but less than super computer Very Good (used in PIA, etc) More Reliable than super computer Less size than super computer These are in more numbers than super computer
Personal Computers Less costly than main frame Very Very Good (used in Offices, business org. etc) More Reilable than main frame Small size than main frame These are in large numbers
PDA’s Costly than Personal Computers Exception Performance(used in multipurpose) More Reliable than Personal Computer Very small size than personal computer These are also available in large numbers
Question 2 (Marks=5)
Differentiate Between Static RAM and Dynamic RAM in Tabular form. ANY TWO Differences
( 2.5 + 2.5 = 5)
SRAM (static RAM). This type of memory maintains data in storage as long as it is powered. Because it is faster and more reliable and expensive than DRAM, SRAM is most often used as cache memory. Earlier forms of SRAM were classified as Async or Sync RAM if they were synchronized with the system clock. The most common type of SRAM today is pipeline burst SRAM, which can operate at higher bus speeds.
DRAM (dynamic RAM). This type of RAM retains its data by being continuously rewritten every few milliseconds. Like SRAM, the data in storage is volatile, meaning it is lost when the system is not powered. DRAM is the most common type of expandable company memory in workstations and servers today, but there are several different types of DRAM.
Another Solution:-
Static RAM (SRAM)
1. 4 times more expensive
2. Very low access time
3. Can store ¼ as much
4. Information stored on RS flip-flops
5. No need for refreshing
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
1. Low cost
2. Consumes less power
3. Can store 4 times as much
4. Information stored on FET transistors
5. Needs to be refreshed
Another Solution:-
STATIC RAM vs DYNAMIC RAM
Firstly we anxious with static RAM
1)it does not loose signal strength.
2)no refreshing.
3)They made of transistors.
Where as Dynamic RAM
1)looses its signal 1 becomes 0
2)periodic refreshing of memory is needed.
3)These are mostly made of capacitors.
Super Computer Very Costly in Millions Good (Pak Automic Energy) Reliable but less then main frame More than 25 Acres Land Required These are in few numbers
Main Frame Costly but less than super computer Very Good (used in PIA, etc) More Reliable than super computer Less size than super computer These are in more numbers than super computer
Personal Computers Less costly than main frame Very Very Good (used in Offices, business org. etc) More Reilable than main frame Small size than main frame These are in large numbers
PDA’s Costly than Personal Computers Exception Performance(used in multipurpose) More Reliable than Personal Computer Very small size than personal computer These are also available in large numbers
Question 2 (Marks=5)
Differentiate Between Static RAM and Dynamic RAM in Tabular form. ANY TWO Differences
( 2.5 + 2.5 = 5)
SRAM (static RAM). This type of memory maintains data in storage as long as it is powered. Because it is faster and more reliable and expensive than DRAM, SRAM is most often used as cache memory. Earlier forms of SRAM were classified as Async or Sync RAM if they were synchronized with the system clock. The most common type of SRAM today is pipeline burst SRAM, which can operate at higher bus speeds.
DRAM (dynamic RAM). This type of RAM retains its data by being continuously rewritten every few milliseconds. Like SRAM, the data in storage is volatile, meaning it is lost when the system is not powered. DRAM is the most common type of expandable company memory in workstations and servers today, but there are several different types of DRAM.
Another Solution:-
Static RAM (SRAM)
1. 4 times more expensive
2. Very low access time
3. Can store ¼ as much
4. Information stored on RS flip-flops
5. No need for refreshing
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
1. Low cost
2. Consumes less power
3. Can store 4 times as much
4. Information stored on FET transistors
5. Needs to be refreshed
Another Solution:-
STATIC RAM vs DYNAMIC RAM
Firstly we anxious with static RAM
1)it does not loose signal strength.
2)no refreshing.
3)They made of transistors.
Where as Dynamic RAM
1)looses its signal 1 becomes 0
2)periodic refreshing of memory is needed.
3)These are mostly made of capacitors.
PHY101 Assignment 1 - Solution
Q # 1: Consider a box that is placed on different surfaces. Marks = 10
a) In which situation (s) is there no force acting on the box?
b) In which situation (s) is there a static friction force acting on the box?
c) In which situation (s) is there a kinetic friction force acting on the box?
Various possible situations are as under:
I. The box is at rest on a rough horizontal surface.
II. The box is at rest on a rough tilted surface.
III. The box is on the rough-surfaced flat bed of a truck- the truck is moving at a constant velocity on a straight, level road and the box remains in the same place in the middle of the truck bed.
IV. The box is on the rough-surfaced flat bed of a truck- the truck is speeding up on a straight, level road, and box remains in the same place in the middle of the truck bed.
V. The box is on the rough-surfaced flat bed of a truck- the truck is climbing a hill, and the box is sliding towards the back of the truck.
Q # 2 A spaceship is moving in the vacuum of outer space, far from any planet, when its engine dies. As a result, the spaceship slows down and stops. What does Newton‘s first law say about this event? Marks = 5
Solution:-
In this situation there are no forces acting on the spaceship, so according to Newton’s first law, it will not stop. It continues to move in a straight line with constant speed, some science fiction movies have made use of very accurate science; this was not one of them.
Q # 3: A traffic light of weight W hangs from two light cables; one on each side of the light. Each cable hangs at a 450 angle from the horizontal. What I the tension in each cable? Marks = 5
a) In which situation (s) is there no force acting on the box?
b) In which situation (s) is there a static friction force acting on the box?
c) In which situation (s) is there a kinetic friction force acting on the box?
Various possible situations are as under:
I. The box is at rest on a rough horizontal surface.
II. The box is at rest on a rough tilted surface.
III. The box is on the rough-surfaced flat bed of a truck- the truck is moving at a constant velocity on a straight, level road and the box remains in the same place in the middle of the truck bed.
IV. The box is on the rough-surfaced flat bed of a truck- the truck is speeding up on a straight, level road, and box remains in the same place in the middle of the truck bed.
V. The box is on the rough-surfaced flat bed of a truck- the truck is climbing a hill, and the box is sliding towards the back of the truck.
Q # 2 A spaceship is moving in the vacuum of outer space, far from any planet, when its engine dies. As a result, the spaceship slows down and stops. What does Newton‘s first law say about this event? Marks = 5
Solution:-
In this situation there are no forces acting on the spaceship, so according to Newton’s first law, it will not stop. It continues to move in a straight line with constant speed, some science fiction movies have made use of very accurate science; this was not one of them.
Q # 3: A traffic light of weight W hangs from two light cables; one on each side of the light. Each cable hangs at a 450 angle from the horizontal. What I the tension in each cable? Marks = 5
Saturday, October 16, 2010
What is MDB & GDB?? Carries Marks??
We are still receiving many email from 1st semester students regarding GDB & MDB.
It is to informed you that in your Graded Discussion Board (GDB) VU will announce a topic & you have required to give the answer of that topic/question within due time (2-4 days from announcement). After due date VU announce result and give you marks, these marks included in your CGPA in the end of that course.
On the other hand, Moderated Discussion Board (MDB) is the environment in which you'll ask the questions (in which you are facing problem to understand) to your instructor and after some time your instructor give you answer of that question. Its just a discussion board for all of you and has NO MARKS. In this board you are encourage to ask maximum Questions in which confused.
Best of luck..
VuFlankerz HelpDesk..
It is to informed you that in your Graded Discussion Board (GDB) VU will announce a topic & you have required to give the answer of that topic/question within due time (2-4 days from announcement). After due date VU announce result and give you marks, these marks included in your CGPA in the end of that course.
On the other hand, Moderated Discussion Board (MDB) is the environment in which you'll ask the questions (in which you are facing problem to understand) to your instructor and after some time your instructor give you answer of that question. Its just a discussion board for all of you and has NO MARKS. In this board you are encourage to ask maximum Questions in which confused.
Best of luck..
VuFlankerz HelpDesk..
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